why was czechoslovakia nervous about losing the sudetenland

Munich Conference and the Annexation of Sudetenland Interactive Mapeval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'ww2db_com-box-4','ezslot_4',116,'0','0'])); Munich Conference and the Annexation of Sudetenland Timeline. The Czechoslovak government, realizing the hopelessness of fighting the Nazis alone, reluctantly capitulated (30 September) and agreed to abide by the agreement. [4] As a result, Czechoslovakia had disappeared. He demanded for the increase in the firepower of the battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau to be accelerated. Significant industrial potential and military equipment of the former Czechoslovakia had been efficiently absorbed into the Third Reich. In his postwar memoirs, Churchill, an opponent of appeasement, lumped Poland and Hungary, both of which subsequently annexed parts of Czechoslovakia containing Poles and Hungarians, with Germany as "vultures upon the carcass of Czechoslovakia". Finally, we heard the decision: "This could have been done if there had been certainty that the Czechs wanted to fight." [69] This was accompanied by placing army along the Czechoslovak border on 23–24 September and by giving an order to the so-called "battle units" of Zaolzie Poles and the "Zaolzie Legion", a paramilitary organisation that was subordinate to army command and made up of volunteers from all over Poland, to cross the border to Czechoslovakia and attack Czechoslovak units. Kerry had himself invoked Munich in a speech in France advocating military action in Syria by saying, "This is our Munich moment". An agreement was quickly reached on Hitler's terms. The Treaty of Saint-Germain recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia and the Treaty of Trianon defined the borders of the new state which was divided to the regions of Bohemia and Moravia in the west and Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus' in the east, including more than three million Germans, 22.95% of the total population of the country. Before Ribbentrop left the Kremlin, Stalin pulled him aside. As early as 1933, Nazi Party members such as Konrad Henlein had already infiltrated the political scene in Czechoslovakia, stirring trouble. Copyright © 2004-2020 Lava Development, LLC., all rights reserved, More on Munich Conference and the Annexation of Sudetenland, Munich Conference and the Annexation of Sudetenland Photo Gallery, See all 76 photographs of Munich Conference and the Annexation of Sudetenland, Prague Winter: A Personal Story of Remembrance and War, 1937-1948. Without them its independence became more nominal than real. [64], Daladier believed that Hitler's ultimate goals were a threat. As a result, Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia lost about 38% of their combined area to Germany, with some 2.8 million German and 513,000 to 750,000[83][84] Czech inhabitants. The answer he received was twelve. The Chief of the General Staff of the Czechoslovak Army, General Ludvík Krejčí, reported that "Our army will in about two days' time be in full condition to withstand an attack even by all Germany's forces together, provided Poland does not move against us".[71]. [23] The Sudeten Germans used the incident and false allegations of other atrocities as an excuse to break off further negotiations. Thus, the Sudetenland was the most "pro-Nazi" region in the Third Reich.[89]. [37] At 11:00am, Ciano met Mussolini and informed him of Chamberlain's proposition; Mussolini agreed with it and responded by telephoning Italy's ambassador to Germany and told him "Go to the Fuhrer at once, and tell him that whatever happens, I will be at his side, but that I request a twenty-four hour delay before hostilities begin. [106], Citing Munich in debates on foreign policy has continued to be common in the 21st century. In early November 1938, under the First Vienna Award, after the failed negotiations between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, as a recommendation to settle the territorial disputes by the appendix of the Munich Agreement, the German-Italian arbitration required Czechoslovakia to cede southern Slovakia and one third of Slovak territory, to Hungary, and Poland independently gained small territorial cessions shortly afterward (Zaolzie). [37] Hitler went on to say that upon annexing the Sudetenland, Germany would hold no further territorial claims upon Czechoslovakia and would enter into a collective agreement to guarantee the borders of Germany and Czechoslovakia. Gallup Polls in Britain, France, and the United States indicated that the majority of people supported the agreement. Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller. A rare wartime defence of the agreement came in 1944 from Viscount Maugham, who had been Lord Chancellor. In the United States and the United Kingdom, the words "Munich" and "appeasement" are synonymous with demanding forthright, often military, action to resolve an international crisis and characterising a political opponent who condemns negotiation as weakness. Afterwards, surveying Prague from the President's palace, Beneš could say: 'Is it not beautiful? [32] Hitler went on to tell Chamberlain that since their last meeting on the 15th, Czechoslovakia's actions, which Hitler claimed included killings of Germans, had made the situation unbearable for Germany. German military leaders updated the Case Green military scenario. I had a very friendly and pleasant talk, on Spain, (where he too said he had never had any territorial ambitions) economic relations with S.E. He also included in this message that Brauchitsch should incite German Army generals to resign en masse in protest of Adolf Hitler's reckless invasion plan. [23][26], On 12 September, Hitler made a speech at a Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg on the Sudeten crisis in which he condemned the actions of the government of Czechoslovakia. In the United States, President Franklin Roosevelt called for an international conference in an attempt to maintain peace. The British appointed Lord Runciman, the former Liberal cabinet minister, who arrived in Prague on 3 August with instructions to persuade Beneš to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans. For the Austro-Bavarian agreement after the Napoleonic Wars, see, For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see, 1938 cession of German-speaking Czechoslovakia to the Nazis, German invasion of remainder of Czechoslovakia, President Beneš' declaration made on 16 December 1941, Note of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile dated 22 February 1944. After the outbreak of World War II, he formed a Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London. Adolf Hitler ensured his military leaders that there was no danger of a pre-emptive attack by the British over the matter of Czechoslovakia. The newspaper Times of London published an editorial suggesting that Czechoslovakia had much to gain in terms of achieving ethnic homogeneity should it allowed Sudetenland to secede. At the end I pulled out the declaration which I had prepared beforehand and asked if he would sign it. » Munich Conference and the Annexation of Sudetenland. [27] He stated that he, as the head of state of Germany, would support the right of the self-determination of fellow Germans in the Sudetenland. However, there was opposition from the start. Shortly after midnight, Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini, and Édouard Daladier, in that order, signed the Munich Agreement at the Führerbau building in München in Germany, which ceded Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany; the actual document was backdated to the previous day, 29 Sep 1938. They lived mostly in border regions of the historical Czech Lands for which they coined the new name Sudetenland, which bordered on Germany and the newly-created country of Austria. (Chamberlain's reference to Disraeli's return from the Congress of Berlin in 1878)[96][97]. Both countries refused to allow the Soviet army to use their territories. [93] Czechoslovak weapons later played a major role in the German conquest of Poland and France, the last of which country had urged Czechoslovakia into surrendering the Sudetenland in 1938. Did you enjoy this article? The British population had expected an imminent war, and the "statesman-like gesture" of Chamberlain was at first greeted with acclaim. England has been offered a choice between war and shame. This page was last edited on 14 October 2020, at 18:53. Italy saw itself threatened by the British and French fleets and started its own invasion of Albania in April 1939. "[40] Hitler received Mussolini's message while in discussions with the French ambassador. Although the constitution guaranteed equality for all citizens, there was a tendency among political leaders to transform the country "into an instrument of Czech and Slovak nationalism". [11] Henlein demanded things such as autonomy for Germans living in Czechoslovakia. Note: We hope that visitor conversations at WW2DB will be constructive and thought-provoking. At 11:45 p.m. on 30 September, 11 hours after the Czechoslovak government accepted the Munich terms, Poland gave an ultimatum to the Czechoslovak government. The Sudetenland was a part of Czechoslovakia with a large, German-speaking population. After Hitler's interpreter translated it for him, he happily agreed. Many Czechs and Slovaks refer to the Munich Agreement as the Munich Diktat (Czech: Mnichovský diktát; Slovak: Mníchovský diktát). Adolf Hitler assigned an OKW officer to the Sudeten Freikorps. The agreement between the four powers was signed on the backdrop of a low-intensity undeclared German-Czechoslovak war that had started on 17 September 1938.

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