indonesia capital

[28][29], From the seventh century CE, the Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism.

", "Shrugging Indonesia's inferiority complex", "Indonesia: Military expenditure (% of GDP)", "TNI's Gold Mine: Corruption and Military-Owned Businesses in Indonesia", "Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia-TNI)", "The Political Influence of the Military Before and After Democratic Transition: Experiences from Indonesia – An Assessment on Myanmar", "Papua: Answer to Frequently Asked Questions", "Policy Review: Is the Indonesian Government Debt still in a 'Safe Zone'? [21][22][23] Homo sapiens reached the region around 43,000 BCE. Most belong to the Austronesian language family, while there are over 270 Papuan languages spoken in eastern Indonesia. Chapter XA, Article 28E, 1st Clause of the 1945 Constitution. [260] In 2018, there were more than 4,500 higher educational institutions in Indonesia.
[247][248] Its spread faced difficulty due to the VOC policy of banning the religion and the Dutch hostility due to the Eighty Years' War against Catholic Spain's rule. They serve as communication and transport links between the island's river settlements. [14] The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is one of the top sports powerhouses by winning the Southeast Asian Games ten times since 1977,[328] most recently in 2011.[329]. Another major grouping is the Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia (the Maluku Islands and Western New Guinea). It is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. Poor urban planning on land that was originally swamp, along with the unregulated draining of aquifers, has left 40% of the city under sea level. [149] The Armed Forces were formed during the Indonesian National Revolution when it undertook guerrilla warfare along with informal militia.

The former can boast a unique combination of a tropical climate, a vast archipelago, and a long stretch of beaches, and the latter complement those with a rich cultural heritage reflecting Indonesia's dynamic history and ethnic diversity. [297] Some theatre traditions also include music, dancing and the silat martial art such as Randai from Minangkabau people of West Sumatra. [226] The small minorities that can speak it or Dutch-based creole languages fluently are the aforementioned ethnic groups and descendants of Dutch colonisers. [222][223][224] Nearly every Indonesian speaks the language due to its widespread use in education, academics, communications, business, politics, and mass media.

The first level is that of the provinces, with five out of a total of 34 having a special status. Despite the Dutch presence for almost 350 years, the Dutch language never had a substantial number of speakers or official status. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, influential nationalist leaders, proclaimed Indonesian independence and were appointed president and vice-president respectively. [b] A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities. [17][18] However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia; they preferred Malay Archipelago (Dutch: Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde. [171] As of 2019[update], 9.41% of the population lived below the poverty line, and the official open unemployment rate was 5.28%. [316] The style and characteristics of modern Indonesian literature vary according to the dynamics of the country's political and social landscape,[316] most notably the war of independence in the second half of 1940s and the anti-communist mass killings in the mid-1960s. More cooling climate types do exist in mountainous regions that are 1,300 to 1,500 metres (4,300 to 4,900 feet) above sea level. [302] The latter part of the Sukarno era saw the use of cinema for nationalistic, anti-Western purposes, and foreign films were subsequently banned, while the New Order utilised a censorship code that aimed to maintain social order.

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